Tuesdays 10:30 - 11:30 | Fridays 11:30 - 12:30
Showing votes from 2020-11-24 11:30 to 2020-11-27 12:30 | Next meeting is Tuesday Dec 30th, 10:30 am.
The question of whether Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature and polarization data from Planck favor a spatially closed Universe with curvature parameter $\Omega_K<0$ has been the subject of recent intense discussions. Attempts to break the geometrical degeneracy combining Planck data with external datasets such as Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) measurements all point towards a spatially flat Universe, at the cost of significant tensions with Planck, which make the resulting dataset combination problematic. Settling this issue would require identifying a dataset which can break the geometrical degeneracy while not incurring in these tensions. In this work we argue that cosmic chronometers (CC), measurements of the expansion rate $H(z)$ from the relative ages of massive early-type passively evolving galaxies, are the dataset we are after. Furthermore, CC come with the additional advantage of being virtually free of cosmological model assumptions. Combining Planck 2018 CMB temperature and polarization data with the latest compilation of CC measurements, we break the geometrical degeneracy and find $\Omega_K=-0.0054 \pm 0.0055$, consistent with a spatially flat Universe and competitive with the Planck+BAO constraint. After discussing our results in light of the oldest objects in the Universe, we assess their stability against against minimal parameter space extensions and CC systematics, finding them to be stable against both. We find no substantial tension between Planck and CC data within a non-flat Universe, making the resulting combination reliable. Our results therefore allow us to assert with confidence that the Universe is indeed spatially flat to the ${\cal O}(10^{-2})$ level, a finding which might possibly settle the ongoing spatial curvature debate, and lends even more support to the already very successful inflationary paradigm.
We investigate the possibility that axion-like particles (ALPs) with various potentials account for the isotropic birefringence recently reported by analyzing the Planck 2018 polarization data. For the quadratic and cosine potentials, we obtain lower bounds on the mass, coupling constant to photon $g$, abundance and equation of state of the ALP to produce the observed birefringence. Especially when the ALP is responsible for dark energy, it is possible to probe the tiny deviation of dark energy equation of state from $-1$ through the cosmic birefringence. We also explore ALPs working as early dark energy (EDE), which alleviates the Hubble tension problem. Since the other parameters are limited by the EDE requirements, we narrow down the ALP-photon coupling to $10^{-19}\, {\rm GeV}^{-1}\lesssim g\lesssim 10^{-16}\, {\rm GeV}^{-1}$ for the decay constant $f=M_\mathrm{pl}$. Therefore, the Hubble tension and the isotropic birefringence imply that $g$ is typically the order of $f^{-1}$, which is a non-trivial coincidence.